| Description | Articaine hydrochloride is a thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to mepivacaine. Most local anesthetics act by abolishing voltage-gated sodium channel currents indiscriminately in all populations of neurons. Articaine is an amide local anesthetic most commonly used in dentistry. It possesses a unique ester side chain that is metabolized rapidly by circulating esterases. Articaine is reported to modify cardiac action potentials and ion currents only at concentrations higher than the therapeutic range needed to inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels. |
| Chemical Properties | White or almost white, crystalline powder. |
| Originator | Ultracain,Hoechst,W. Germany,1976 |
| Uses | Articaine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride Salt of Articaine, a amide based short-acting local anesthetic use for regional anaesthesia in day-case settings such arthroscopy, hand , food surgery and in dentistry. |
| Manufacturing Process | 3-α-Chloropropionylamino-2-carbomethoxy-4-methylthiophene (prepared from
3-amino-2-carbomethoxy-4-methylthiophene and chloropropionyl chloride)
was dissolved in toluene and n-propylamine added. The whole mixture was
heated to boiling for 6 to 7 hours. After cooling, the propylamine
hydrochloride that had formed was removed by washing with water, The
toluene phase was dried with sodium sulfate, and then the solvent and excess
propylamine were removed by distillation. The oily residue was taken up in
ether. The hydrochloride of 3-n-propylamino-α-propionylamino-2-
carbomethoxy-4-methylthiophene was obtained by introducing hydrogen
chloride gas or by means of methanolic hydrogen chloride. The base boils at
162°C to 167°C under 0.3 mm of mercury pressure and the hydrochloride
melts at 177°C to 178°C. |
| Brand name | Septanest (Cilag-Chemie, Switzerland); Septocaine
(Cilag-Chemie, Switzerland); Ultracaine (Hoechst
AG, Germany). |
| Therapeutic Function | Local anesthetic |
| Contact allergens | This local amide-type anesthetic is seldom reported as
allergenic even in patients sensitized to other amidetype
molecules like lidocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine,
or bupivacaine. |
| Biochem/physiol Actions | Articaine hydrochloride helps to alleviate pain and blocks transmission of the pain signal. Articaine is an amide local anesthetic widely used in dentistry. Articaine acts by inhibition of nerve impulse conduction by blockade of sodium channels. |
| Mode of action | Articaine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of articaine, an amide-type local anesthetic. Articaine hydrochloride reversibly blocks nerve impulse conduction by binding to specific membrane sodium ion channels thereby interfering with the electrical excitation in the nerve, slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse and reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. This results in a loss of sensation at the injection site. Articaine hydrochloride is used for relief of pain in minor operations, usually in combination with the vasoconstrictor epinephrine. |
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